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Cirrhosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Cirrhosis is a complication of long-term inflammation of the liver. It results in the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, called fibrosis. While heavy long-term alcohol use is a common cause of cirrhosis, many other diseases and liver conditions can lead to cirrhosis. The definition of cirrhosis covers a broad process. As the liver is continually injured — whether by ...

Cirrhosis of the Liver: What It Is, Symptom & Treatment
Cirrhosis of the liver is a late stage of chronic liver disease. At this stage, a significant amount of your healthy liver tissue has turned to scar tissue. Scarring comes from long-term inflammation in your liver (hepatitis). When you have too much scar tissue, it can prevent your liver from working properly. This leads to liver failure. While cirrhosis can’t be reversed, treatment may slow ...

Cirrhosis - Wikipedia
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic liver failure, chronic hepatic failure, and end-stage liver disease, is a chronic condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease. [6][7][8 ...

Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Stages, and Treatment - WebMD
Cirrhosis is a condition in which scar tissue gradually replaces your healthy liver cells. It usually happens over a long period, often due to hepatitis, alcohol use disorder, or metabolic ...

Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments
Cirrhosis is caused by chronic (long-term) liver diseases that damage liver tissue. It can take many years for liver damage to lead to cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment - Healthline
Cirrhosis is the severe scarring and limited function of the liver caused by long-term exposure to toxins such as alcohol or viral infections.

Cirrhosis - NIDDK
Overview of cirrhosis, a condition in which your liver is scarred and permanently damaged. Describes causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment.

Chronic Liver Disease/Cirrhosis - Johns Hopkins Medicine
Cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. This stops the liver from working normally. Cirrhosis is a long-term liver disease. The damage to your liver builds up over time.

Cirrhosis - Harvard Health
Cirrhosis is a disease in which normal liver cells are replaced by scar tissue, which interferes with all of these important functions. In extreme cases, the damage is so severe that the only solution is a liver transplant.

Cirrhosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Treatment Treatment for cirrhosis depends on the cause and extent of liver damage. The goals of treatment are to slow the progression of scar tissue in the liver and to prevent or treat symptoms and complications of cirrhosis. Reversal of cirrhosis usually isn't possible. For severe liver damage, hospitalization may be needed.

* Hepatology101 LATEST NEWS *

                    *Filter: "Cirrhosis"

Cedars-Sinai Experts Present Research at The Liver Meeting 2026 | Newswise  Newswise
Contemporary global epidemiology of cirrhosis : Hepatology Communications  Ovid
GENFIT to Highlight Progress in ACLF and MASH Diagnostics at AASLD The Liver Meeting® 2026  The Manila Times
Alcohol abstinence enables regeneration even in advanced liver cirrhosis  MedUni Wien
Cirrhosis: Diagnosis and Management  American Academy Of Family Physicians | AAFP
Infections in cirrhosis  The Lancet
The role of zinc in liver cirrhosis | Annals of Hepatology  www.elsevier.com
Preoperative evaluation of patients with liver disease  Nature
Your late-night snack could be hurting your liver  The Globe and Mail
Statin-Linked GGPP-Rho-YAP Pathway Identified in Cells Around Liver Tumors  Bioengineer.org

Common Hepatology Symptoms

Jaundice (Icterus) — Yellowing of the skin and sclera caused by elevated serum bilirubin levels due to impaired hepatic processing or biliary obstruction.

Ascites — Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, commonly secondary to portal hypertension and advanced liver cirrhosis.

Hepatic Encephalopathy — Spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities including confusion, asterixis, and altered consciousness resulting from neurotoxin accumulation.

Pruritus — Severe, generalized skin itching frequently associated with cholestatic liver diseases and systemic bile acid accumulation.

Right Upper Quadrant Abdominal Pain — Dull ache or sensation of fullness caused by stretching of Glisson's capsule surrounding an enlarged or inflamed liver.

Spider Angiomas and Palmar ErytHepa — Vascular cutaneous signs stemming from altered sex hormone metabolism and hyperdynamic circulation in chronic liver disease.

Dark Urine and Acholic Stools — Tea-colored urine from bilirubinuria paired with pale, clay-colored stools indicating impaired biliary drainage.

Milestones in Hepatology History

Discovery of the Australia Antigen (1965) — Baruch Blumberg identified the surface antigen of Hepatitis B, paving the way for diagnostic screening and the first HBV vaccine.

First Successful Human Liver Transplant (1967) — Dr. Thomas Starzl performed the world's first successful human liver transplantation at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

Identification of Hepatitis Delta Virus (1977) — Mario Rizzetto discovered the delta antigen, characterizing HDV as a defective subviral pathogen reliant on HBV co-infection.

Cloning and Identification of Hepatitis C (1989) — Michael Houghton, Harvey Alter, and Charles Rice isolated the non-A, non-B hepatitis virus, officially naming it Hepatitis C.

Introduction of MELD Score System (2002) — The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease was adopted in the United States to prioritize liver allocation based on 3-month mortality risk.

Approval of Direct-Acting Antivirals for HCV (2013) — The FDA approved Sofosbuvir, ushering in an era of highly effective, interferon-free oral curative regimens for chronic Hepatitis C.

Nomenclature Shift to MASLD and MASH (2023) — Global liver societies renamed NAFLD/NASH to better reflect underlying metabolic pathology and eliminate stigmatizing language.

Current Hepatology Research

Bepirovirsen Functional Cure Trials — Evaluating antisense oligonucleotides to achieve a sustained loss of HBsAg and drug-free clinical response in patients living with chronic hepatitis B.

MASLD Diagnostics and Screening — Refining non-invasive biomarker panels and metabolic criteria to detect metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease early in co-infected populations.

Hepatitis D Expanded Testing Protocols — Implementing reflexive antibody and RNA testing strategies to address global underdiagnosis of delta hepatitis co-infections.

Global Elimination Strategy Implementation — Tracking regional epidemiological data and public health interventions designed to accelerate viral hepatitis eradication goals.

RNA Interference (RNAi) Gene Silencing — Investigating small interfering RNA therapies to knock down viral transcripts and reduce antigen production in chronic liver infections.

MASH Fibrosis Biomarker Development — Validating novel serum panels and elastography metrics to monitor metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis regression without invasive biopsies.

In Vivo Gene Editing via Lipid Nanoparticles — Utilizing hepatic-targeted LNP delivery systems to correct monogenic metabolic liver disorders directly within host hepatocytes.

Gut Microbiome Alterations in Cirrhosis — Analyzing gut-liver axis dysbiosis to prevent bacterial translocation and manage portal hypertension complications in end-stage liver disease.